History

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[ The Siberian 'Katorga' in Imperial Russia. ] English translation (by Peter Kropotkin?) from the French, of Émile Andreoli's account of his captivity following the January Uprising, titled ''Siberian Convicts' Life'. Containing unpublished material.

Author: 
Émile Andreoli (1835-1900), Franco-Italian writer and inventor, sent to Siberia following his participant in the Polish 'January Uprising', 1863-1864 [ Peter Kropotkin, Russia; Russian Katorga ]
Publication details: 
Without details or date. [London, 1880s? Certainly after 1869.]
£4,000.00

99pp., 8vo. Each page typed on a separate piece of paper ruled with red marginal borders. The manuscript housed in a contemporary thumb-indexed ledger, with each leaf tipped-in onto the recto of a leaf of the ledger. The manuscript in good condition, lightly-aged and worn; the ledger heavily worn and shaken, and lacking covers. Andreoli's name is not given anwhere in this item. Title-page with typed title 'Siberian Convicts' Life'. Above the title, in manuscript is '? Convict-Life', and typed beneath the title is a six-line epigram from Goethe.

[Archive; unpublished history] Papers and correspondence relating to an intended history of the early years of the Daily Express

Author: 
John Gordon, editor of the Sunday Express [Lord Beaverbrook]:
Publication details: 
No particular place or date.
£2,000.00

For more about John Rutherford Gordon (1890-1974), editor of the Sunday Express between 1928 and 1952, see his entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.Although the volume for which the present material was amassed did not materialise, there is no doubting the seriousness of the project. Working with Beaverbrook's approval and encouragement (the nine memoranda by him present in the collection indicate his interest), Gordon employed Sunday Express news editor Jack Garbutt (John Lambert Garbutt, 1907-1973), John ('Jock') Selby Bradford and 'T. N. Shane' (i.e. H. A. H.

[Family of Rev. Dr Thomas Chalmers, Scottish churchman.] Family copy of 'Letters & Journals of Anne Chalmers. Edited by Her Daughter', annotated by her granddaughter Anne Chalmers Bennet Clark and containing a number of related items.

Author: 
Anne Chalmers, wife of Rev. William Hanna and daughter of Dr Thomas Chalmers (1780-1847), Scottish churchman [Anne Chalmers Bennet Clark (1893-1954); Professor Ian Henderson; Roger Hog of Newliston]
Publication details: 
The book 'Privately Printed by the Curwen Press for The Chelsea Publishing Co. 16 Royal Hospital Road, Chelsea, London'. 1922.
£150.00

201pp., 8vo. Quarter-bound with oat cloth spine with printed paper label, and grey paper boards. In good condition, on lightly-aged paper, in worn binding. Autograph signature on front free endpaper of 'Anne C.

[Harry Hall of the British Museum, Egyptologist.] Portrait photograph by Swaine of New Bond Street, with a second more relaxed portrait showing him with hands in pockets.

Author: 
Henry Reginald Holland Hall ['Harry Hall'] (1873-1930), Egyptologist, Keeper of the Department of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities, British Museum [Swaine, New Bond St, London portrait photographers]
Publication details: 
The first image: 'Swain, 146 New Bond St, W. [London] and at Southsea.' The second image unattributed.
£90.00

Both prints black and white, and in good condition. The portrait shot is 14 x 9.5 cm, on grey card backing, within a 30.5 x 20.5 cm folder of the same grey card, printed with the name and address of the firm. The image depicts the head and shoulders of a moustachioed Hall, who is glancing to his left side with a faraway look in his eyes, while smartly dressed in dark jacket and waistcoat.

[Harry Reginald Hall of the British Museum, Egyptologist.] 27 Autograph Letters Signed to F. G. Gordon, written in a playful style on scholarly matters, including Tutankhamun's tomb. With a copy of Hall's funeral service, and two other items.

Author: 
Henry Reginald Holland Hall ['Harry Hall'] (1873-1930), Egyptologist, Keeper of the Department of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities, British Museum [Frank Gordon Gordon [né Straube] (1874-1968)
Publication details: 
Most on British Museum letterheads; two from his home address, 13 Chalcot Gardens, NW [London]; others on Royal Societies Club and Burlington Fine Arts Club letterheads. One from Abydos, Egypt. Sixteen between 1897 and 1929; the others undated.
£950.00

The letters total 104pp., mainly 12mo. In fair overall condition, with light aging and wear. Seventeen are signed 'H. H.', three 'Harry Hall', one 'H. R. Hall', three 'H.', one unsigned. Most addressed to 'Frank', others, in playful style, to 'Ryzt Worchypfull & very dere ffrend', 'Respected Friend and most admir'd Poet!' and 'the Scribe of the Admiral's | Yamen, Fa-erh-an-ki'. Also present is an Autograph Card Signed.

[F. G. Gordon and the Oxford University Press.] Correspondence with John Johnson, Humphrey Milford, Sir John Forsdyke, S. R. K. Glanville, Sir G. F. Hill, and others, about his book 'Through Basque to Minoan'. With corrected manuscripts, proofs, etc.

Author: 
Frank Gordon Gordon [né Straube] (1874-1968), classical scholar with theory on Minoan Linear A [John Johnson; Humphrey Milford; Oxford University Press; Sir John Forsdyke; S. R. K. Glanville]
Publication details: 
Letters from various locations (including the British Museum), between 1930 and 1932. [The book published by Oxford University Press, 1931.]
£950.00

The collection is in good overall condition, with light signs of age and wear. As the following description indicates, much care was taken by OUP with the production of the book, the Press even going so far as to produce new type for it (examples of which are accompany a letter by the printer John Johnson). Unfortunately the book was not well received - a savage review [by Sir P. J.

[Violet Attlee, wife of the Prime Minister Clement Attlee.] Autograph Note Signed ('V H A') at head of Autograph Letter from Downing Street secretary E. J. Sayer, apologising for a mistake.

Author: 
Violet Helen Attlee [née Millar] (1896-1964), Countess Attlee, wife of Clement Attlee (1883-1967), 1st Earl Attlee, Labour Prime Minister; Elizabeth Sayer, later Cooper, Downing Street secretar
Publication details: 
On letterhead of the Prime Minister. Sayer's apology: 30 March 1950. Violet Attlee's reply on the same day.
£65.00

1p., on 20.5 x 8.5 cm slip, headed by the Prime Minister's official letterhead. Sayer's apology is headed 'Mrs Attlee', and she writes that she feels she 'must apologise in writing for the mistake I made over the arrangements for giving your two seats to the Misses Trevor', hoping that it did not cause inconvenience and promising not to do the like again. Violet Attlee's reply, headed 'Miss Sayer', is at the head of the letter: 'Please don't worry. It is quite a relief to me to find that somebody besides myself makes mistakes! | W H A 30/3'.

[Winston Churchill; handbill; wartime broadcast] Churchill al Popolo Italiana

Author: 
Winston Churchill, Liberal and Conservative politician, sometime Prime Minister.
Publication details: 
Appello radiotrasmesso da Londra il 23 Dicembre, 1940 [transmitted from London]
£550.00

Four pages, 8vo, not bound as issued, poor quality paper, dulled, very small closed tears at bottom, fold mark, mainly good condition. Presumably a translation for Italian consumption  and dropped on Italian soil from a plane! One copy ONLY listed on COPAC and WorldCat (only the title given on IWM website, no description).

[Inscribed by the Chinese historian Wang Ling to Yolanda Sonnabend.] Printed volume, with text in Italian, French and English, of the proceedings of the 'VIII Congresso Internazionale di Storia della Scienza | Firenze-MIlano 3-9 September 1956'.

Author: 
Wang Ling (1917-1994), Chinese historian who collaborated with Joseph Needham [Eighth International Congress of the History of Science, Florence and Milan, 1956; Yolanda Sonnabend]
Publication details: 
VIII Congresso Internazionale di Storia della Scienza | Firenze-MIlano 3-9 September 1956.
£220.00

111pp., folio. Unpaginated, and printed on the rectos only. A duplicated and stapled production, in grey printed wraps. In poor condition: on brittle and aged high-acidity paper, with chipping to wraps and front cover loosening. Inscribed inside the front cover. No. 44 of 72 contributions is 'J. NEEDHAM - L. WANG - D. J. PRICE (INGHILTERRA) - Chinese astronomical clockwork.' Scarce: no copy on COPAC or in the Wellcome collection, and the only copy on OCLC WorldCat at the BNF.

[Alexander Hattrick, carpenter, or R. Turnbull.] 28 illustrations: depicting Australian scenes (panoramas of North Head Quarantine Station; Farm Cove, Sydney; Hobart, Tasmania) and a narrative of an excursion to Nurstead Woods, Kent.

Author: 
[Alexander Hattrick or R. Turnbull; Alexander Hatrick (1857-1918), New Zealand merchant; Pacific Steam Navigation Co.; North Head Quarantine Station, Sydney; Nurstead Woods, Kent; 'Swift Sure' whaler]
Publication details: 
One item with date 'May 1893'. All twelve items on stationery of the Pacific Steam Navigation Co., including eight 'Soundings' forms, filled in 'For Chief Engineer', signed 'Alex Hattrick', and dated 25 March and 2, 7, 8, 11, 18, 24, 29 June [1893?]
£850.00

28 illustrations: 3 of which depict Australian scenes (panoramas of North Head Quarantine Station; Farm Cove, Sydney; Hobart, Tasmania) with a cartoon/narrative of an excursion to Nurstead Woods, Kent. One item with date 'May 1893'. All twelve items on stationery of the Pacific Steam Navigation Co., including eight 'Soundings' forms, filled in 'For Chief Engineer', signed 'Alex Hattrick', and dated 25 March and 2, 7, 8, 11, 18, 24, 29 June [1893?] One item with date 'May 1893'. The twelve items in fair condition, on lightly aged and worn paper. Charmingly-executed in a naive style.

[Manuscript] Diary of Sergeant Browne, principal flautist in the Royal Artillery band, Woolwich

Author: 
[The International Exhibition 1862 and other events in 1862 ] Sergeant Brown, flautist
Publication details: 
1862
£1,250.00

1862 Diary of Sergeant Browne, principal flautist in the Royal Artillery band, Woolwich, Over 425 pages. Played at the opening ceremony of the International Exhibition under Costa, having been at the rehearsal attended by Meyerbeer - good descriptions of both events - and at the Horticultural Gardens next door throughout the length of the exhibition and elsewhere (Crystal Palace, Willis's Rooms, private houses, Lord Mayor's Show "nonsensical custom").

Manuscript anonymous contemporary ribald spoof titled 'Mrs. Pankhursts Address to the Suffragettes'. [With two small photographs (one of Emmeline Pankhurst and the other of Sylvia Pankhurst?).]

Author: 
Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928), British political activist and leader of the suffragette movement [female suffrage; Victorian humour; sexuality; social history]
Publication details: 
Without date or place. [England, 1890s?]
£250.00

1p., 12mo. In good condition, on aged and worn paper, folded twice. Written in a late Victorian or Edwardian hand. The 'Address' is an interesting survival: the sort of ribald saloon-bar joke through which male opponents of the movement sought to tame it through ridicule. Similar examples survive, attributed to Lady Astor speaking in parliament, but this version clearly predates these. Here is a transcript of what is a concentrated dose of double-entendre: 'Mrs.

[Dame Ethel Locke King and Winifred Bidwell.] Autograph Letter Signed to Miss Martin Wood from Bidwell, enclosing another to Bidwell from Dame Ethel Locke King, regarding the employment of Wood at Caens Hill Auxiliary Military Hospital.

Author: 
Dame Ethel Locke King (1864-1956), Vice-President of the North Surrey Division, British Red Cross; Winifred Bidwell [Miss Martin Wood; Caens Hill Auxiliary Military Hospital; Brooklands]
Publication details: 
Both on (different) letterheads of the British Red Cross Society, North Surrey and Kingston Division. Dame Ethel Locke King's letter, 21 September [1915]. Winifred Bidwell's letter, 22 September [1915].
£120.00

Caen's Hill was the property of Mrs Locke King's husband, and opened as a hospital with 32 beds in 1914, with Mrs Locke King as Commandant of the Voluntary Aid Detachment. Two years later it had 44 beds. It shut in 1919. After the war the Locke Kings developed motor racing in the area, with the celebrated Brooklands track. For more on Locke King and her distinguished war work, see her entry in the Oxford DNB and two articles in The Times, 6 and 14 August 1956. Both items 1p., 4to, in good condition, on lightly-aged paper.

Attractive woodcut illustration, captioned 'SUCHET SINGH', depicting an Indian warrior leading a large horse. Probably distributed as a handbill.

Author: 
[Rajah Suchet Singh [Rajah Sucheyt Singh] (1801-1844), Indian Sikh warrior [street ballads; handbills; Seven Dials; the Raj; India]
Publication details: 
[London, circa 1846?]
£85.00

On one side of a piece of 15 x 17 cm paper. In good condition, on lightly aged and creased paper. The illustration is roughly 10.5 x 16 cm, and shows a bearded oriental warrior, with plumed headpiece, spear and knife in belt, leading an oversized horse. The disproportionate nature of the composition suggests that the male figure was added to the existing illustration of the horse.

Lithographic coloured London Fire Force plan, indicating the wartime Emergency Water Supply to the Trafalgar Square and Whitehall area of London, headed 'E. W. S. No. 284 | Plan referred to on Sheet No. 10 Water Unit Maps | re Government Buildings'.

Author: 
[London Fire Force; Metropolitan Water Board; Fire Fighting in the Second World War; maps and plans]
Publication details: 
Without date or place. (London Fire Force, circa 1943.)
£180.00

On one side of piece of 41 x 20.5 cm paper, with lines and indications in light and dark blue, red and green. In fair condition, on aged paper, with creasing and one closed tear towards the head. The map has Trafalgar Square at its head (with the note that the two 'Basins' carry '40,000 Galls. each') and Parliament Square at its foot. Whitehall and Parliament Street connect the two on the right of the map, and to the left of the map is the lake in St James's Park: '200000 Galls Underground Tank | Pumping Station 1400 Galls | Pump | 15 foot Gravity Main from Serpentine'.

[Sir Henry Waterfield of the India Office] Autograph Signed document on the 'Native States' and 'Mode of Acquisition of Political Territories in India', made as Victoria proclaimed Empress of India. With: long autograph sgd list by A. W. Moore.

Author: 
Sir Henry Waterfield (1837-1913), Financial Secretary at the India Office; A. W. Moore [Adolphus Warburton Moore] (1841-1887), senior clerk in the India Department and mountaineer
Publication details: 
India Office [Whitehall, London]. 20 May 1876.
£1,800.00

9pp., foolscap 8vo. On seven leaves of grey paper, held together with green ribbon, three of the leaves carrying the embossed letterhead of the India Office. First leaf headed with printed text: 'Reference Paper. Statistics and Commerce Department', and numbered in manuscript '408'. On aged and chipped paper, with slight bloom on blank reverse of last leaf.

[Lovat Fraser, editor of The Times of India.] Autograph Letter Signed ('Lovat Fraser') to the news editor of the Daily Mail, sending 'something short' regarding 'Lord Hardinge's arrival' (having served as Viceroy of India).

Author: 
Lovat Fraser (1871-1926), editor of The Times of India, writer and traveller [Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst [Lord Hardinge] (1858-1944), Viceroy of India, 1910-1916]
Publication details: 
On letterhead of the White House, Slough. 23 April 1916.
£80.00

1p., 12mo. In fair condition, on lightly-aged paper, with traces of brown--paper mount adhering to blank reverse. He is sending, at 'Mr Marlowe's request, [...] something short to be added to your announcement of Lord Hardinge's arrival' (not present). He realises that 'space is limited', so he has 'made a brief catalogue of his principal doings'. He ends by asking for the piece to be anonymous.

[Pamphlet] The Last of the Derwentwaters. A Paper read to the Keswick Literary Society, February 2nd, 1874

Author: 
J. Fisher Crosthwaite
Publication details: 
Cockermouth, 1874.
£80.00

40, x.[2]pp., printed illustrated paper wraps, illustrative plates, covers grubby, but generally good condition.

[Prime Minister] Signature only ('clipped').

Author: 
H. Campbell-Bannerman, sometime Liberal Prime MInister [Henry Campbell-Bannerman.
Publication details: 
No place or date
£23.00

Paper clipped from letter, 9 x 3.5cm, evidence of laying down on reverse, good condition.

[Deed; terrier] a Terrier of copyhold land, Kingway Field, in Coat [Cote] & Aston, Bampton, Oxfordshire

Author: 
[Coat [or Cote] & Aston, Bampton, Oxfordshire; Edward Moulden; Adwin Williams]
Publication details: 
C17th [Seventeenth Century
£220.00

Vellum document, c.50cms long, 18cm wide. folded, aged but legible and complete. Description present: "A terrier of copyhold lands formerly in the occupation of Edward Moulden & then in the tenure of Adwin Williams." Towards the end of the document, "Writte By Richard Williams". One Google snippet says that an Edward Moulden was an ironmonger from Witney.

[Mimeograph or similar; Civil Defence] A Collection of information sheets concerning action in the event of Atomic War

Author: 
[Atomic/Nuclear War Preparations; Civil Defence]
Publication details: 
[Civil Defence, 1964-1965]
£320.00

Five items, 1-26pp., folio, most undated, but one 1964, another 1965, staples rusty, minor damage to one with no loss. Item I: 26pp., with diagrams, "Layout of an Emergency Kitchen" with sub-headings Site, Layout of Cookers, Layout of Swill area, General, Food Untensil and Fuel Storage, Food Preparation Facilities, Cooking Apparatus, Serving Arrangements, Improvised Washing Up Arrangements, Disposal of Fouled Water, Disposal of Swill, Latrines; Item 2; 5pp., inc. A form headed Council | Civil Defence Department | Emergency Meals Service | Goods Received Book (Site...

[Printed pamphlet in favour of postal reform.] Our Postal Express. Speech of Hon. William Sulzer, of New York, In the House of Representatives. Thursday, June 9, 1910. [Including endorsement by Frederick C. Beach, editor of Scientific American.]

Author: 
William Sulzer ['Plain Bill Sulzer'] (1863-1941), 39th Governor of New York; Frederick C. Beach, President Postal Progress League and Editor of Scientific American [postal service]
Publication details: 
[Washington, D.C., June 1910.] Beach's printed letter of endorsement dated 13 June 1910.
£80.00

8pp., 12mo. Stapled and unbound. In good condition, on aged high-acidity paper, with slight wear to extremities. Blind stamps and shelfmark of the Hartford Theological Seminary. The text begins: 'The House having under consideration the bill (S. 5876) to establish postal savings depositories for depositing savings at interest with the security of the Government for the repayment thereof, and for other purposes - | Mr SULZER said: [...]'.

Signature (and a few words) only, "Hill"

Author: 
General Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill, GCB GCH (1772-1842), became Commander-in-Chief of the British Army in 1828
Publication details: 
No place or date
£28.00

Signature cut from document, 4 x 2", stating, "humble Servant | Hill | General Comdr in Chief", with a few words in a different hand on the reverse.

A Collection of Pamphlets, Printed Ephemera and Manuscript Material.

Author: 
[William Sulzer, US Politician, Governor of New York and opponent of Tammany Hall.
Publication details: 
[1902-1923]
£4,000.00

William Sulzer (1863-1941), nicknamed 'Plain Bill Sulzer', is remembered as the only Governor of New York ever to be impeached. He served as a Representative in Congress from 1895 to 1912, in the latter year chairing the House Committee on Foreign Affairs. In 1913, shortly after his inauguration as 39th Governor of New York State, he was impeached by the State Assembly on charges of having diverted campaign funds to his own use, charges which Sulzer asserted were a 'fit-up' by Tammany Hall boss Charles F.

['A relic from the Ocean Monarch', 1848.] Tiny seal on stone of a sphinx, in brass mount with handle shaped like a pillar. With contemporary note explaining the background and stating that it was 'Presented by Mr John Neilson', and Neilson's own note

Author: 
[The Ocean Monarch, 1848; John Neilson; Eleanor Avena Blackburne, daughter of John Ireland Blackburne of Hale Hall, near Liverpool]
Publication details: 
Neither seal nor document dated. [Document English, 1840s?]
£180.00

Seal on stone oval just over 1cm wide; in brass mount just over 3cm high, with handle in shape of a pillar topped with a ring (presumably for attaching to a chain or necklace). Wrapped in a 5.5 x 11 cm packet, made from folding a piece of 17 x 21.5 cm paper (with watermark of R. Turner of Kent), with the following written on it in a Victorian hand (presumably that of Eleanor Avena Blackburne, to whom the item was presented): 'Part of the Ocean Monarch burnt off the coast of Wales | August 1848 | Presented by Mr John Neilson'.

[Sir George Everest (1790-1866), Surveyor-General of India.] Glass figurine of the god Vishnu, given by him on his retirement to his kinswoman Mrs Mary Legh of High Legh, Cheshire. With contemporary manuscript note.

Author: 
[Sir George Everest (1790-1866), Surveyor-General of India, after whom Mount Everest is named; Mrs Mary Legh of High Legh; George John Legh; John Cole Everest]
Publication details: 
The covering note probably dating from the 1840s.
£1,500.00

5cm. etched clear cut-glass figurine of the god Vishnu, for domestic worship. Wrapped in a 4 x 8.5 cm packet, made from a folded piece of 10.5 x 18.5 cm Whatman paper, with 'Penates' written on it in a Victorian hand (presumably that of Eleanor Avena Blackburne, see below). Both figurine and packet are in very good condition. On the inside of the unfolded packet, in the same hand: 'Penates from Nepaul | Mrs Legh of High Legh gave it to me who received 3 from Capt Everest on his return from thence'.

[MS. copy] Letter from James I to the University of Cambridge. In Latin, commencing, "Si ius civitatis [...]". and concluding "Valete" (no copy signature).

Author: 
[James I; Francis Bacon]
Publication details: 
[Palace of Westminster] 4o Kal. Mar. 1616
£600.00

One page, sm. folio, sl. crumpled and stained, C17th hand. Another copy (BL Sloane MS. 3562, f.99, to Spedding, the "best copy") is reproduced in Spedding, ed., 'The Works of Francis Bacon', vol. XIII, p.144, with the suggestion that, though James was capable, Bacon himself could have written it. A copy is also to be found in the Harley MS., and presumably elsewhere. The Sloane and Harley copies differ in small matters from this one (one of several examples, "nobis" for "Sloane's "vobis" in 'quam nobis suspecta'). One obvious anomaly.

[Victorian poor law.] Manuscript volume titled 'An Assessment For the Relief of the Poor Of the Parish of East Langton In the County of Leicester. And for other Purposes chargeable thereon According to Law'.

Author: 
[The Parish of East Langton in the County of Leicester; Poor Law]
Publication details: 
[East Langton, Leicestershire.] 'Made this 26th. Day of April 1841. After the Note of Sixpence in the Pound'. Continued to 18 July 1843.
£280.00

99pp., landscape 8vo. In heavily-worn original black-cloth quarter-binding, with remains of marbled paper on boards. The volume consists of ten quarterly sections, each signed by the churchwarden and overseers, and signed off by two justices of the peace. The first assessment (26 April 1841) records 43 occupiers, and the last (18 July 1843) 55. Each opening is a complete printed form, with 16 columns covering the two pages. In the following example of an entry, the manuscript is given in square brackets: No.

[Charles Lever, London solicitor.] Autograph Letter Signed ('Chas: Lever.') [to Thomas Wright?], subscribing to the newly-formed Camden Society, and making suggestions regarding 'the proposed undertaking'.

Author: 
Charles Lever, London solicitor [Thomas Wright (1810-1877), antiquary, Secretary of the Camden Society]
Publication details: 
10 King's Road, Bedford Row [London]. 2 April 1838.
£145.00

1p., 4to. 22 lines of text. In very good condition, on lightly-aged paper, with traces of mount on reverse.

[Adolphe Thiers, French statesman.] Autograph Letter Signed ('A. Thiers'), in French, to a general [Dembinski?], regarding the plight of Polish exiles (including Lelewel and Ostrowski) following the November 1830 Uprising against the Russians.

Author: 
Adolphe Thiers [Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe Thiers] (1797-1877), French statesman and historian [General Henryk Dembinski; Joachim Lelewel; Leon Chodsko; J. B. Ostrowski; Poland; Polish]
Publication details: 
[Paris.] 24 October 1832.
£550.00
Adolphe Thiers

1p., 12mo. In fair condition, on aged and lightly-worn paper. Accompanying the document is an undated and unsigned twentieth-century English translation, on letterhead of Lincoln House, Beauchamp Road, East Molesey, Surrey, headed 'A very free translation - guessing at illegible words'. At the time of writing Thiers was in government, in the Ministry of the Interior.

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